Local anesthesia is an integral part of anesthesiology. Local anesthetics are administered by many medical providers, including anesthesiologists, surgeons, emergency room clinicians, dentists and more.1 Though practitioners often associate local anesthetics with few side effects and low risk of toxicity, they can lead to local anesthetic…

Pethidine, also known as meperidine in North America, is a less potent opioid drug with analgesic effects.1 Pethidine, which is now sold as Demerol, was first discovered in 1939 during a search for muscle-relaxing compounds, and its original use as…